Managing Chronic Stress: Evidence-based Strategies for a Calmer Life

Chronic stress has become one of the most pressing health challenges of our time, affecting millions of people across the globe and contributing to a wide range of physical and mental health problems. Around 75% of U.S. adults experience stress, and about 49% of Americans experience significant daily stress, one of the highest rates among high-income nations. The consequences of unmanaged chronic stress extend far beyond temporary discomfort, leading to serious conditions including anxiety, depression, cardiovascular diseases, and weakened immune function. Understanding how to effectively manage chronic stress is essential for maintaining overall well-being and achieving a calmer, more balanced life.

This comprehensive guide explores evidence-based strategies for managing chronic stress, drawing on the latest research and clinical findings to provide practical, actionable approaches that can help you regain control and improve your quality of life.

Understanding Chronic Stress and Its Impact

What Is Chronic Stress?

Chronic stress occurs when an individual experiences prolonged or repeated exposure to stressors without adequate recovery time. Unlike acute stress, which is a normal and often helpful response to immediate challenges, chronic stress persists over extended periods and can fundamentally alter how your body and mind function. Stress is your body’s physical and emotional response to new or challenging situations, which can occur when you face problems such as those related to work, school, health, and relationships.

Feeling stress can be a normal coping response and can forge a healthy sense of our ability to solve problems. However, when the stress is long term, known as chronic stress, it can lead to worsening health problems. The distinction between manageable stress and chronic stress is crucial for understanding when intervention becomes necessary.

Common Causes of Chronic Stress

Chronic stress can stem from various sources in modern life. Financial stress is consistently ranked as the top stressor, ahead of work, health concerns, and personal relationships. The workplace represents another significant source of chronic stress, with eighty-three percent of U.S. workers saying they experience work-related stress.

The modern work environment presents unique challenges. Remote work, which many hoped would reduce stress, has created its own challenges. Blurred boundaries between work and personal life mean people are “always on,” answering emails late at night and skipping breaks. This constant connectivity has made it increasingly difficult for many people to truly disconnect and recover from daily stressors.

Younger generations appear particularly vulnerable to chronic stress. About 68% of Gen Z and younger millennials say they feel burned out frequently, compared to about 40% of baby boomers. This generational difference highlights how changing social, economic, and technological factors contribute to stress levels across different age groups.

Physical and Mental Health Effects

Chronic stress is more than a mental strain – it physically changes the body over time. The APA and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) point to increased risks for heart disease, hypertension, digestive issues, and weakened immune response. These physical manifestations of chronic stress can create a dangerous cycle where health problems generate additional stress, further compromising well-being.

When stress becomes chronic, it can lead to physical discomforts like headaches, prolonged muscle tension, sleep issues, and indigestion. The relationship between stress and sleep is particularly problematic, as stress worsens sleep quality, and sleep deprivation in turn amplifies stress, creating another damaging cycle.

Mental health consequences are equally concerning. Mental health concerns like anxiety disorders and depression are closely linked to high stress levels. Chronic stress can worsen pre-existing health problems and may increase our use of alcohol, tobacco and other substances. Stressful situations can also cause or exacerbate mental health conditions, most commonly anxiety and depression.

The impact of chronic stress extends beyond individual health to affect entire economies and societies. Each year the global economy loses 12 billion workdays at a cost of about $1 trillion due to stress, depression, and anxiety. In the United States specifically, job stress costs U.S. employers more than $300 billion a year in absenteeism, turnover, diminished productivity, and medical, legal, and insurance costs.

These staggering figures underscore the importance of addressing chronic stress not just as a personal health issue, but as a public health priority that affects productivity, healthcare systems, and overall societal well-being.

Evidence-Based Strategies for Managing Chronic Stress

Fortunately, extensive research has identified numerous effective strategies for managing chronic stress. The following evidence-based approaches can help you reduce stress levels, improve resilience, and enhance your overall quality of life.

Mindfulness and Meditation Practices

The Science Behind Mindfulness

Mindfulness practices, including various forms of meditation, have emerged as one of the most well-researched and effective approaches to stress management. Researchers reviewed more than 200 studies of mindfulness among healthy people and found mindfulness-based therapy was especially effective for reducing stress, anxiety, and depression.

The physiological benefits of mindfulness are substantial and measurable. When all meditation forms were analysed together, meditation reduced cortisol, C – reactive protein, blood pressure, heart rate, triglycerides and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. These changes in biological markers demonstrate that mindfulness doesn’t just make people feel better psychologically—it creates real, measurable improvements in physical health.

Brain imaging studies have revealed how mindfulness changes the structure and function of the brain. Practicing mindfulness changes the structure and function of parts of the brain associated with emotional control. This corresponds to behavioral studies done with experienced meditators, where results indicate that mindfulness practice enhances the ability to self-regulate attention and emotion.

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is one of the most extensively used and evaluated mindfulness-based interventions. MBSR was originally designed for patients with chronic medical conditions to help reduce stress and improve their quality of life via focused attention, meditation, cognitive restructuring and adaptive learning techniques.

The standard MBSR programme is an 8-week group intervention, where participants meet once weekly for 2 to 3 h and undertake a 6-h silent retreat. This structured approach provides participants with comprehensive training in various mindfulness techniques, including body scan meditation, sitting meditation, and mindful movement.

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has been found to improve the psychological health outcomes of healthcare professionals, and its benefits extend to diverse populations facing various types of stress.

Self-Administered Mindfulness Interventions

For those who cannot access formal MBSR programs, self-administered mindfulness practices offer a viable alternative. In a study across 37 sites involving 2,239 participants, four mindfulness exercises significantly reduced short-term, self-reported stress. This research demonstrates that mindfulness can be effective even without in-person instruction.

Many self-administered mindfulness interventions hold promises for reducing stress levels despite being short and allowing one to practice if and when one decides. This flexibility makes mindfulness accessible to people with busy schedules or limited access to formal programs.

Practical Mindfulness Techniques

To incorporate mindfulness into your daily routine, consider these evidence-based practices:

Mindful Breathing: Participants in the mindfulness breathing meditation group reported a significant reduction in the perceived stress levels after the intervention. These results suggest that mindfulness breathing meditation may be a more effective stress-reduction strategy than relaxation through music therapy.
Body Scan Meditation: This practice involves systematically focusing attention on different parts of the body, promoting relaxation and awareness of physical sensations.
Guided Meditation Apps: A number of mindfulness-based interventions are now available online or through smartphone apps. Early studies have found that online mindfulness-based interventions can have a positive effect on mental health.
Daily Mindfulness Exercises: When daily mindfulness practice was encouraged, stress levels reduced and mindfulness increased.

Physical Activity and Exercise

How Exercise Combats Stress

Regular physical activity represents one of the most powerful and accessible tools for managing chronic stress. Exercise works through multiple mechanisms to reduce stress, including the release of endorphins (natural mood elevators), reduction of stress hormones like cortisol, improvement of sleep quality, and enhancement of overall physical health.

Regular daily exercise can help to reduce stress. This can include walking, as well as more intensive exercise. The beauty of exercise as a stress management tool is its versatility—nearly any form of physical activity can provide benefits, allowing individuals to choose activities they enjoy and are likely to maintain.

Types of Exercise for Stress Management

Aerobic Exercise: Activities like running, cycling, swimming, and brisk walking increase heart rate and promote cardiovascular health while reducing stress. Aerobic exercise has been shown to reduce anxiety and improve mood, with effects that can last for hours after the workout ends.

Strength Training: Resistance exercises using weights, resistance bands, or body weight not only build physical strength but also contribute to stress reduction. Strength training can improve self-efficacy and body image, both of which support better stress management.

Yoga and Tai Chi: These mind-body practices combine physical movement with breath awareness and meditation, offering unique benefits for stress management. They integrate the stress-reducing benefits of both exercise and mindfulness, making them particularly effective for chronic stress.

Creating a Sustainable Exercise Routine

To maximize the stress-reducing benefits of exercise:

Start with manageable goals and gradually increase intensity and duration
Choose activities you genuinely enjoy to improve adherence
Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week
Include both cardiovascular exercise and strength training
Consider exercising outdoors to combine physical activity with nature exposure
Schedule exercise at consistent times to establish a routine
Find an exercise partner or join a class for social support and accountability

Nutrition and Dietary Approaches

The Stress-Nutrition Connection

What you eat significantly influences how your body responds to and recovers from stress. What we eat and drink can affect our health. Try to eat a balanced diet and to eat at regular intervals. Proper nutrition provides the building blocks your body needs to produce stress-regulating neurotransmitters and hormones, maintain stable blood sugar levels, and support overall physical resilience.

Stress-Reducing Foods and Nutrients

Fruits and Vegetables: Eat lots of fresh fruits and vegetables if you can. These foods are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that help combat the oxidative stress associated with chronic stress. Colorful produce provides phytonutrients that support brain health and emotional regulation.

Whole Grains: Complex carbohydrates found in whole grains help stabilize blood sugar levels, preventing the energy crashes and mood swings that can exacerbate stress. They also support the production of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that promotes feelings of calm and well-being.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Found in fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines, as well as in walnuts and flaxseeds, omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and support brain health. Research suggests they may help reduce anxiety and improve mood regulation.

Protein-Rich Foods: Adequate protein intake supports the production of neurotransmitters involved in stress response and mood regulation. Include lean meats, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, and dairy products in your diet.

Magnesium-Rich Foods: Magnesium plays a crucial role in stress response and relaxation. Good sources include leafy greens, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and dark chocolate.

Dietary Habits for Stress Management

Maintain regular meal times to stabilize blood sugar and energy levels
Stay adequately hydrated throughout the day
Limit caffeine intake, especially in the afternoon and evening
Reduce consumption of processed foods, refined sugars, and excessive salt
Minimize alcohol consumption, as it can disrupt sleep and worsen stress
Practice mindful eating, paying attention to hunger cues and eating without distractions
Prepare meals in advance to reduce daily stress and ensure healthier choices

Strong social connections serve as one of the most powerful buffers against chronic stress. Having supportive relationships provides emotional validation, practical assistance, different perspectives on problems, and a sense of belonging—all of which help mitigate the impact of stressors.

Social support works through multiple pathways to reduce stress. Emotional support helps you feel understood and valued, reducing feelings of isolation. Informational support provides guidance and advice for problem-solving. Instrumental support offers tangible help with tasks and responsibilities. Companionship provides opportunities for positive experiences and distraction from stressors.

Nurture Existing Relationships: Invest time and energy in maintaining connections with family members, friends, and colleagues. Regular communication, even brief check-ins, helps sustain these important bonds.

Join Community Groups: Participating in clubs, classes, volunteer organizations, or religious communities provides opportunities to meet like-minded people and develop new friendships. Shared activities and common interests create natural foundations for supportive relationships.

Seek Professional Support: If we have difficulties coping with stress, we should seek help from a trusted health-care provider or from another trusted person in our community. Mental health professionals, including therapists, counselors, and psychologists, can provide specialized support and evidence-based interventions for managing chronic stress.

Develop Reciprocal Relationships: Healthy social support involves both giving and receiving. Being there for others not only strengthens relationships but also provides a sense of purpose and can improve your own well-being.

Schedule regular social activities, even when you don’t feel like it
Be open and honest about your struggles with trusted individuals
Practice active listening when others share their concerns
Join support groups for people facing similar challenges
Limit social media use in favor of face-to-face or voice interactions
Volunteer in your community to meet new people while helping others
Attend social events and gatherings, even if briefly
Reach out to reconnect with old friends or acquaintances

Time Management and Organization

The Role of Time Management in Stress Reduction

Feeling overwhelmed by too many responsibilities and too little time is a common source of chronic stress. Effective time management doesn’t mean doing more—it means doing what matters most while maintaining balance and preventing burnout. Having a daily schedule can help us use our time efficiently and feel more in control. Set time for regular meals, time with family members, exercise, daily chores and other recreational activities.

Time Management Techniques

Prioritization: Not all tasks are equally important or urgent. Use frameworks like the Eisenhower Matrix to categorize tasks by importance and urgency, focusing your energy on what truly matters while delegating or eliminating less critical activities.

Planning and Scheduling: Use planners, calendars, or digital tools to organize your time. Block out time for important activities, including self-care and relaxation. Having a clear plan reduces the mental burden of constantly trying to remember what needs to be done.

Setting Realistic Goals: Unrealistic expectations create unnecessary stress. Break large projects into smaller, manageable steps. Set achievable daily and weekly goals that move you toward larger objectives without overwhelming you.

Learning to Say No: Overcommitment is a major source of chronic stress. Recognize your limits and decline requests that would stretch you too thin. Saying no to some things allows you to say yes to what’s most important, including your own well-being.

Practical Time Management Strategies

Start each day or week by identifying your top priorities
Use time-blocking to dedicate specific periods to specific tasks
Build in buffer time between activities to prevent rushing
Batch similar tasks together to improve efficiency
Minimize multitasking, which can increase stress and reduce effectiveness
Set boundaries around work time, especially if working from home
Schedule breaks and downtime as non-negotiable appointments
Review and adjust your schedule regularly based on what’s working
Delegate tasks when possible to reduce your personal burden
Use productivity techniques like the Pomodoro Technique for focused work sessions

Sleep Hygiene and Rest

The Critical Relationship Between Sleep and Stress

Getting enough sleep is important for both body and mind. Sleep repairs, relaxes and rejuvenates our body and can help reverse the effect of stress. The relationship between sleep and stress is bidirectional—stress interferes with sleep quality, and poor sleep increases vulnerability to stress.

Quality sleep is essential for emotional regulation, cognitive function, immune system health, and physical recovery. During sleep, your body processes the day’s experiences, consolidates memories, repairs tissues, and regulates hormones. Chronic sleep deprivation undermines all of these processes, making it harder to cope with stress.

Sleep Hygiene Practices

Maintain a Consistent Sleep Schedule: Go to bed and wake up at the same times every day, even on weekends. This regularity helps regulate your body’s internal clock and improves sleep quality.

Create a Relaxing Bedtime Routine: Develop a calming pre-sleep ritual that signals to your body it’s time to wind down. This might include reading, gentle stretching, meditation, or taking a warm bath.

Optimize Your Sleep Environment: Make your bedroom conducive to sleep by keeping it cool, dark, and quiet. Invest in a comfortable mattress and pillows. Remove or cover electronic devices that emit light.

Limit Screen Time Before Bed: The blue light from phones, tablets, and computers can interfere with melatonin production. Avoid screens for at least an hour before bedtime, or use blue light filters if you must use devices.

Watch Your Intake: Avoid caffeine in the afternoon and evening. Limit alcohol consumption, as it can disrupt sleep architecture. Don’t eat large meals close to bedtime, though a light snack may be helpful if you’re hungry.

Additional Sleep Strategies

Get regular exposure to natural light during the day to support circadian rhythms
Exercise regularly, but not too close to bedtime
Use your bed only for sleep and intimacy, not for work or watching TV
If you can’t fall asleep after 20 minutes, get up and do a quiet activity until you feel sleepy
Practice relaxation techniques like progressive muscle relaxation or deep breathing before bed
Keep a notepad by your bed to jot down worries or to-do items that might keep you awake
Consider white noise or nature sounds if environmental noise is disruptive
Limit daytime naps to 20-30 minutes and avoid napping late in the day

Cognitive Behavioral Techniques

Understanding Cognitive Approaches to Stress

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and related techniques focus on the relationship between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. These approaches recognize that how we think about stressors significantly influences how we feel and respond to them. By identifying and modifying unhelpful thought patterns, we can reduce stress and improve coping.

Key Cognitive Techniques

Cognitive Restructuring: This involves identifying negative or distorted thoughts, examining the evidence for and against them, and developing more balanced, realistic perspectives. For example, replacing “I can’t handle this” with “This is challenging, but I’ve handled difficult situations before.”

Problem-Solving: Rather than ruminating on problems, systematic problem-solving involves clearly defining the problem, generating possible solutions, evaluating options, implementing a chosen solution, and reviewing the outcome. This structured approach reduces the sense of helplessness that often accompanies chronic stress.

Thought Stopping: When you notice yourself engaging in repetitive negative thinking or worry, consciously interrupt the pattern. You might visualize a stop sign, say “stop” aloud, or redirect your attention to a different activity.

Reframing: Look for alternative ways to interpret stressful situations. What might initially seem like a threat could be viewed as a challenge or opportunity for growth. This shift in perspective can reduce the emotional intensity of stress.

Behavioral Activation

When stressed, people often withdraw from activities they enjoy, which can worsen mood and increase stress. Behavioral activation involves deliberately engaging in positive, meaningful activities even when you don’t feel like it. This can include hobbies, social activities, exercise, or creative pursuits. Regular engagement in rewarding activities helps build resilience and provides relief from stress.

Relaxation Techniques

Progressive Muscle Relaxation

Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) involves systematically tensing and then releasing different muscle groups throughout the body. This practice helps you become more aware of physical tension and learn to release it. Regular PMR practice can reduce overall muscle tension, lower blood pressure, and decrease anxiety.

To practice PMR, start with your feet and work up through your body, tensing each muscle group for 5-10 seconds before releasing and noticing the sensation of relaxation. This technique can be particularly helpful before bed or during stressful periods.

Deep Breathing Exercises

Controlled breathing activates the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes relaxation and counteracts the stress response. Simple breathing techniques can be practiced anywhere and provide immediate stress relief.

Try diaphragmatic breathing: Place one hand on your chest and one on your abdomen. Breathe in slowly through your nose, allowing your abdomen to rise while keeping your chest relatively still. Exhale slowly through your mouth. Practice for 5-10 minutes daily or whenever you feel stressed.

Visualization and Guided Imagery

Visualization involves creating detailed mental images of peaceful, calming scenes or situations. This technique can reduce stress by engaging your imagination in a positive way and providing a mental escape from stressors. Guided imagery recordings can help you develop this skill.

Limiting Media Consumption

Spending too much time following news on television and social media can increase stress. Limit the time you spend following the news if it increases your stress. While staying informed is important, constant exposure to negative news and social media can contribute to chronic stress and anxiety.

Set boundaries around media consumption:

Designate specific times for checking news and social media rather than constantly monitoring
Unfollow or mute accounts that consistently trigger stress or negative emotions
Turn off non-essential notifications on your devices
Create tech-free zones or times, especially during meals and before bed
Curate your media diet to include positive, uplifting content alongside news
Take periodic breaks from social media entirely
Be mindful of how different types of content affect your mood and stress levels

Creating Your Personal Stress Management Plan

Assessing Your Current Stress Levels

Before implementing stress management strategies, take time to assess your current situation. Identify your primary stressors, recognize how stress manifests in your body and mind, and acknowledge your current coping mechanisms—both helpful and unhelpful. This self-awareness provides a foundation for targeted intervention.

Consider keeping a stress journal for a week or two, noting when you feel stressed, what triggered it, how you responded, and what helped or didn’t help. This information can reveal patterns and guide your strategy selection.

Selecting Strategies That Work for You

Everyone manages stress differently. You can find and manage what triggers your stress and the right combination of healthy techniques that work for you. Not every strategy will resonate with every person. Experiment with different approaches to discover what feels most natural and effective for you.

Consider your personality, preferences, lifestyle, and resources when choosing strategies. If you’re social, group activities like exercise classes or support groups might appeal to you. If you prefer solitude, individual practices like meditation or journaling might be better fits. The best stress management plan is one you’ll actually follow.

Starting Small and Building Gradually

Trying to overhaul your entire life at once can create additional stress. Start with one or two manageable changes and build from there. Taking small steps in your daily life to manage stress can have a big impact. As new habits become established, you can gradually add additional strategies.

Set specific, achievable goals. Rather than “I’ll exercise more,” try “I’ll take a 15-minute walk three times this week.” Specific goals are easier to implement and track, providing a sense of accomplishment that motivates continued effort.

Monitoring Progress and Adjusting

Regularly evaluate how your stress management strategies are working. Are you feeling less stressed? Sleeping better? More able to handle challenges? If certain approaches aren’t helping, don’t hesitate to try something different. Stress management is an ongoing process of learning what works best for you.

Be patient with yourself. Changing long-standing patterns takes time, and progress isn’t always linear. Celebrate small victories and learn from setbacks without harsh self-judgment.

When to Seek Professional Help

While self-help strategies can be highly effective, sometimes professional support is necessary. Consider seeking help from a mental health professional if:

Your stress feels overwhelming and unmanageable despite your efforts
You’re experiencing symptoms of anxiety or depression
Stress is significantly interfering with your work, relationships, or daily functioning
You’re using alcohol, drugs, or other unhealthy coping mechanisms
You’re having thoughts of self-harm or suicide
Physical symptoms persist despite medical evaluation
You’ve experienced trauma that continues to affect you

Mental health professionals can provide evidence-based treatments like cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, or other specialized interventions. They can also help identify underlying issues contributing to chronic stress and develop comprehensive treatment plans.

Remember that seeking professional help is a sign of strength, not weakness. Just as you would see a doctor for a physical health problem, consulting a mental health professional for stress-related issues is a responsible step toward better health.

The Role of Prevention

While managing existing stress is important, preventing chronic stress from developing in the first place is equally valuable. Build resilience through:

Maintaining healthy lifestyle habits even when you’re not feeling stressed
Developing strong social connections before you need them
Learning and practicing stress management techniques regularly, not just during crises
Setting boundaries and managing commitments proactively
Addressing small stressors before they accumulate
Cultivating a sense of purpose and meaning in your life
Practicing self-compassion and realistic self-expectations
Engaging in regular self-reflection and adjustment

Workplace Stress Management

Given that work is a primary source of chronic stress for many people, addressing workplace stress deserves special attention. While you may not be able to change all aspects of your work environment, you can take steps to manage work-related stress more effectively.

Strategies for Managing Work Stress

Set clear boundaries between work and personal time
Take regular breaks throughout the workday, even brief ones
Communicate openly with supervisors about workload concerns
Prioritize tasks and focus on what’s most important
Develop positive relationships with colleagues for mutual support
Create an organized, comfortable workspace
Practice stress-reduction techniques during the workday
Take advantage of employee assistance programs if available
Consider whether your current job aligns with your values and long-term goals
Advocate for workplace wellness initiatives

Long-Term Stress Management and Lifestyle Integration

Effective stress management isn’t a temporary fix—it’s a lifelong practice of maintaining balance and well-being. As you develop your stress management skills, focus on integrating these practices into your daily life so they become natural habits rather than additional tasks on your to-do list.

View stress management as an investment in your overall health and quality of life. The time and effort you dedicate to managing stress pays dividends in improved physical health, better relationships, enhanced productivity, and greater life satisfaction.

Building Resilience

Resilience—the ability to adapt and bounce back from adversity—is a key factor in managing chronic stress. You can build resilience through:

Developing a growth mindset that views challenges as opportunities to learn
Cultivating optimism while maintaining realistic expectations
Building strong social connections and support networks
Maintaining physical health through exercise, nutrition, and sleep
Practicing flexibility and adaptability in the face of change
Finding meaning and purpose in your experiences
Learning from past difficulties and applying those lessons
Developing problem-solving skills and confidence in your abilities

Conclusion

Managing chronic stress is essential for maintaining physical health, mental well-being, and overall quality of life. The evidence-based strategies outlined in this guide—including mindfulness and meditation, regular physical activity, proper nutrition, strong social connections, effective time management, quality sleep, cognitive behavioral techniques, and relaxation practices—provide a comprehensive toolkit for addressing chronic stress.

Remember that stress management is highly individual. What works for one person may not work for another, and what works for you may change over time. The key is to experiment with different approaches, remain patient with yourself, and commit to ongoing self-care.

Taking small steps in your daily life to manage stress can have a big impact. Start where you are, use what you have, and do what you can. Even modest changes can lead to significant improvements in how you feel and function.

If you find that self-help strategies aren’t sufficient, don’t hesitate to seek professional support. Mental health professionals can provide specialized interventions and support tailored to your specific needs. Managing chronic stress is not a sign of weakness—it’s an investment in your health, happiness, and future.

By implementing these evidence-based strategies and making stress management a priority, you can reduce the burden of chronic stress, enhance your resilience, and create a calmer, more balanced life. Your well-being is worth the effort, and the benefits extend not only to you but to everyone in your life.

For more information on stress management and mental health resources, visit the National Institute of Mental Health, the American Psychological Association, the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the American Institute of Stress.

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